2º ESO TRUE OR FALSE

SENTENCES	How much do you bet?	True or false
The Treaty of Verdun (483 843AD) was the end of the Carolingian Empire.		F
Pippin the Short CHARLES MARTEL defeated the Muslims at the battle of Poitiers (732 AD)		F
Pippin the Short was the first Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty.		T
After the battle of Poitiers VOUILLÉ (507), the Visigoths settled exclusively in the Iberian Peninsula.		F
Charlemagne was proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III, in Rome.		T
Louis the Pious, the son of Charles Martel CHARLEMAGNE divided the empire between his three sons.		F
The Franks settled in Gaul after the fall of the Eastern WESTERN Roman Empire in 395 476 AD,		F
The missi dominici were two court officials, who supervised the activities of the counts and marquises.		T
The strict feudalism existed during the 10th and 13th century.		T
Charlemagne was worried for improving the cultural level of his Empire, and founded the Palatine Academy of Aachen.		T
Charlemagne CLOVIS was the first Frankish king that was Catholic.		F
The Pope Stephen II formed the Papal States with the help of Charlemagne. PIPPIN THE SHORT		F
The maximum expansion of the Byzantine Empire was during 630 AD. The reign of Justinian (527-565)		F
The Muslim conquered in the century VII, an important part of the Byzantine empire; The city of Constantinople. Syria, Palestine and Egypt		F
The city of Constantinople had a previous name: Byzantium.		T
The year 395 476 AD is considered to be the start of Middle Ages.		F
The Persians MUSLIMS took possession of Syria, Palestine and Egypt during the seven century.		F
Total number of points won or lost

Unit 4 (1ºESO)

SENTENCES	How much do you bet?	True or false
The temperatures in the stratosphere and thermosphere are always below 0 º C.		FALSE
The depletion of the ozone layer is mainly caused by the gases, such as: carbon dioxide. CFC`S		FALSE
The destruction of forest has increased the number and volume of greenhouse gases, because the vegetation can absorb part of these gases.		TRUE
The greenhouse gases OZONE LAYER IS able to filter the ultraviolet sunrays.		FALSE
The greenhouse gases are able to absorb the infrared energy that the Earth gives out.		TRUE
The depletion of the ozone layer GLOBAL WARMING is the main responsible for the melting of the ice caps.		FALSE
The second most abundant gas in the atmosphere is the nitrogen. OXIGEN		FALSE
A hygrometer PLUVIOMETER measure the precipitation that fall in form of water.		FALSE
The weather forecasts are made by the climatologist. METEOROLOGIST		FALSE
The skin of the polar bear is black to absorb solar energy better.		TRUE
The average annual temperature in the tropical zone is below OVER 20 º C		FALSE
The polar zones are between the two polar circles and the poles		TRUE

ACTIVITIES - DAY TRIP

1. What gate of Madrid walls was located close to the Plaza de Oriente y Teatro Real?

Puerta de Valnadú.

2. What gate of Madrid walls was located close to the current park of Mohamed I?

Puerta de la Vega

3. What gate of Madrid walls was located close to Iglesia de San Andrés y Museo de San Isidro?

Puerta de Moros

4. What does it mean the word "Alcazar" and "Al-mudaina"?

"Alcazar" could means palace or fortified castle and "Al-mudaina" means fortified citadel.

5. Name the materials used in the first walls made during the Muslim foundation.

Flint, in Spanish is named as silex or pedernal. During Christian times other materials were incorporated to the walls, such as: limestone and bricks. 

6. Write the first motto of Madrid and explain the reason of the motto.

"Fuí sobre agua edificada, mis muros de fuego son". 

The first part comes from the abundant subterranean and surface water that Madrid had in those times. Mayrit means in Arabic language "land rich in water".

The second part of the motto make reference to the walls of pedernal. This material is so hard than when arrows were thrown against the walls, they emitted sparks of fire.

7. Write the name of the five gates that there were in the first Christian walls. Explain the main reason that names each of the gates.

Puerta de la Vega - Because faced the "vega" or meadow of Madrid.

Puerta de Moros - Because was in the neighbourhood of the Muslim people.

Puerta de Cerrada - Because during some time spent a lot of time closed, due to the high criminality of the sorroundings

Puerta de Guadalajara - Because faced the road that carried to Guadalajara.

Puerta de Valnadú - The name derived from the Arabic expression "Overlooking to the valley".

8. Write the date of the foundation of Madrid.

856 AD

9. Write the date of the conquest of Madrid by the Castilian crown.

1085AD

10. Write the name of Plaza Mayor during medieval times.

Plaza del Arrabal. Arrabal means outskirts.

11. Write the date when Madrid was turned into the capital of Spain.

In 1561, although the official declaration of capitality was in 1606.

12. Write the name of the sreets where we have seen part of the ancient medieval walls.

Cuesta de la Vega, calle Angosta de los Mancebos y calle Escalinata.

13. What period  of time corresponds to medieval times.

From 476 AD (Fall of the Occidental Roman Empire) to 1492 AD ("Discovery" of America)

14. What building of madrid started being built "by the roof"? In what part of the city center is located?

Torre Colón. Calle Castellana y plaza del Descubrimiento.

15. Why do you think that the biggest Spanish flag is located in the Plaza del Descubrimiento?

Because the Spanish nationalism look for feats of the past in order to stimulate patriotic feelings.

16. La Puerta de Alcalá was one of the gates that were in the walls erected in 1625. Was there any gate in the current plaza of Descubrimiento?

Puerta de Recoletos.

17. Write at least three differences about the plan of the Ensanche and the plan of the city that was inside the medieval walls.

-  The Ensanche of Madrid was a planned urban design and the historic center hadn´t have any planned urban design.

-  The Ensanche of Madrid has an orthogonal plan and the historic center of Madrid has an irregular plan.

- The streets of the Ensanche are wider and with a hierarchy. The streets of the historic center are narrower and without a clear hierarchy.

Citizenship proyect (You have to hand it in the last week of November)

CITIZEN STUDIES –  FIRST EVALUATION

1.      Look for information about the authors of this quotations, and write why do you think that they are famous, and why do you think that their thoughts and philosophy of life can inspire other people.

2.    Translate to Spanish the following quotations.

3.     Choose your five favourite quotations and explain why.

INSPIRING QUOTATIONS.

“The greatest glory in living

lies not in never falling,

but in rising every time we fall.”

― Nelson Mandela

“Don't raise your voice, improve your argument."

― Nelson Mandela

“No one is born hating another person because of the colour of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.”

― Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom

“An eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind.”

― Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom

“This is my simple religion. No need for temples. No need for complicated philosophy. Your own mind, your own heart is the temple. Your philosophy is simple kindness.”

― Dalai Lama XIV

“One of the most surprising things about our society is that many people sacrifice his health in order to make money.

Then they sacrifice money to recuperate his health. And then they are so anxious about the future that he does not enjoy the present; the result is that they do not live in the present or the future; they live as if they are never going to die, and then die having never really lived.”

― Dalai Lama XIV

“Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony.”

― Mahatma Gandhi

“The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.”

― Mahatma Gandhi

“Nobody can hurt me without my permission.”

― Mahatma Gandhi

“God has no religion.”

― Mahatma Gandhi

“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.”

― Mahatma Gandhi

“The difference between genius and stupidity is; genius has its limits.”

― Albert Einstein

“Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.”

― Albert Einstein

“Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.”

― Albert Einstein

“A clever person solves a problem. A wise person avoids it.”

― Albert Einstein

“I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious.”

― Albert Einstein

“Care about what other people think and you will always be their prisoner.”

― Lao Tzu

“Knowing others is intelligence; knowing yourself is true wisdom. Mastering others is strength; mastering yourself is true power. If you realize that you have enough, you are truly rich.”

― Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching

“Accomplish but do not boast, accomplish without show, accomplish without arrogance, accomplish without grabbing, accomplish without forcing.”

― Lao Tzu

“If you are depressed you are living in the past.

If you are anxious you are living in the future.

If you are at peace you are living in the present.”

― Lao Tzu

European and Spanish Society

EJERCICIOS DE LA UNIDAD 11

1. ¿Por qué las tribus latinas eligieron las siete colinas cercanas a la desembocadura del río Tiber, para fundar Roma?

2. Observa el eje cronológico y resuelve las siguientes preguntas:

• ¿Durante que periodo de la historia de la Antigua Roma ocurrieron las guerras púnicas? ¿y el Edicto de Tesalónica?
• ¿En qué año se dividió el Imperio Romano? ¿En qué dos partes se dividió?
• ¿Qué parte del Imperio Romano desapareció antes? ¿Quienes Estados o Reinos sustituyeron a esa parte del Imperio Romano que desapareció? ¿Qué parte del Imperio Romano desapareció en 1453 d.C.?

3. ¿Qué periodo de la Antigua Roma duró más tiempo? ¿Cuántos años duró?

4. ¿Qué relación existió entre el pueblo etrusco y pueblo romano? ¿Cómo acabo esa relación?

5. ¿Qué fronteras naturales limitaban por el Sur al Imperio Romano durante su momento de máxima expansión? ¿Y por el Norte?

6. En qué países actuales se localizan las ciudades de Emerita Augusta, Lutecia, Bizancio y Tingis. Investiga que nombre tienen en la actualidad.
7. ¿Que consecuencias positivas y que consecuencias negativas crees que tuvieron para la República de Roma las grandes conquistas que se realizaron durante este periodo?

Consecuencias positivas para Roma:

- Las conquistas les proporcionaron grandes riquezas como: botín de guerra, nuevos recursos naturales y esclavos.

Consecuencias negativas:

• Dificultades para controlar un territorio tan extenso, en consecuencia, aparecieron problemas graves como la corrupción política, debido a las dificultades para controlar territorios tan alejados de los centro de decisión.
• Aumentaron las desigualdades sociales y esto provocó revueltas y conflictos que desgastaron a la sociedad de la República Romana.

8. Enumera y explica al menos 3 causas por las cuales el Imperio Romano entro en crisis durante el s. III.

• Los ataques de los pueblos germánicos que hicieron más inseguras las fronteras.
• La extensión de la indisciplina en los soldados que provocó sonadas derrotas militares.
• La reducción de la llegada de esclavos trás el cese de las conquistas, desapareciendo una mano de obra barata.

ACTIVIDADES DEL LIBRO.

Realiza los ejercicios del libro 1 y 2 de la página 227; el 5 de la 229, 4 de la 233; el 1 de la 234, 1 de la 236; 2 y 3 de la 239, 242 el 4.

Pag. 227

1.

Trajano – Emperador Romano. Durante su reinado el Imperio Romano alcanzó su máxima extensión territorial.

Teodosio I – Convirtió al cristianismo en religión oficial del Imperio y además decidió dividir el Imperio en dos partes para poder defenderlo mejor

Romulo Augustulo – Último emperador del Imperio Romano de Occidente, bajo su reinado los pueblos germánicos conquistaron Roma.

2.

Tenía el máximo poder político, militar y religioso. Además obtuvo los títulos de Príncipe, de Emperador, de Sumo Pontífice y de Augusto.

Pag. 229

5.

La buenísima situación geoestratégica, ya que el Imperio dominaba todo el mar Mediterráneo, el uso de una moneda común para todos los territorios, la construcción de numerosas calzadas y puertos, etc.

Página 233.

4.

Era una plaza rectangular que constituia el corazón de la ciudad y el espacio público por excelencia. En el foro se situaron los principales templos y monumentos conmemorativos, para exaltar la gloria de los emperadores.

234

1.

TOLERANCIA: Se trata de respetar y tener consideración ante las acciones u opiniones de otras personas cuando éstas difieren de las propias o se contraponen al marco personal de creencias. Ser tolerante es ser respetuoso, por lo que se vuelve un valor básico para convivir armónica y pacíficamente.

Los romanos eran medianamente tolerantes durante la República, pero se volvieron más estrictos con el tema del culto al emperador, y los cristianos fueron perseguidos por no aceptar al emperador.

Sabiduría grecorromana (Citas célebres)

SOCRATES (Filósofo griego)

“La mentira gana bazas, pero la verdad gana el juego”

“La verdadera sabiduría está en reconocer la propia ignorancia.”

“El precio de desentenderse de la política es el ser gobernado por los peores hombres.”

PLATÓN (Filósofo griego)

“La buena fe es el fundamento de toda sociedad, la perfidia y la traición es la peste.”

ARISTÓTELES (Filósofo griego)

“La inteligencia consiste no sólo en el conocimiento, sino también en la destreza de aplicar los conocimientos en la práctica.”

“Cualquiera puede enfadarse, eso es algo muy sencillo. Pero enfadarse con la persona adecuada, en el grado exacto, en el momento oportuno, con el propósito justo y del modo correcto, eso, ciertamente, no resulta tan sencillo.”

“Demasiado poco valor es cobardía y demasiado valor es temeridad.”

HIPÓCRATES (Médico griego)

“Que la comida sea tu alimento y el alimento tu medicina.”

CICERÓN (Filósofo romano)

“La verdad se corrompe tanto con la mentira como con el silencio.”

“Los hombres son como los vinos: la edad agria los malos y mejora los buenos.”

SÉNECA (Filósofo romano)

“No es pobre el que tiene poco, sino el que mucho desea.”

DIÓGENES DE SINOPE (Filósofo griego)

“El insulto deshonra a quien lo infiere, no a quien lo recibe.”

Buscó el mismísimo Alejandro Magno a Diógenes, de enorme fama, del cual se reían por su rechazo a vida material alguna. Cuando le encontró desnudo y tumbado a orillas de un río, Alejandro Magno a lomos de su enorme caballo, le hizo la siguiente proposición: 
"Tú, Diógenes el Cínico, pídeme cualquier cosa, ya sean riquezas o monumentos, y yo te lo concederé".
A lo que Diógenes contestó: "Apártate, que me tapas el sol".
Aquellos que iban con Alejandro Magno empezaron a reírse de Diógenes y a decirle que cómo no se daba cuenta de quién estaba delante de él. Alejandro hizo acallar las voces burlonas cuando dijo que "si no fuera Alejandro quisiera ser Diógenes".

Pasó un ministro del emperador y le dijo a Diógenes:"¡Ay, Diógenes! Si aprendieras a ser más sumiso y a adular más al emperador, no tendrías que comer tantas lentejas."
Diógenes contestó: "Si tú aprendieras a comer lentejas no tendrías que ser sumiso y adular tanto al emperador"